Sulfonylureas Target ALS Enzyme to Control Grasses, Broadleaf Weeds
نویسنده
چکیده
The herbicidal properties of sulfonylureas (SU's) were first reported in 1966 (Koog, 1966). The early SU's were derivatives of triazine herbicides. George Levitt of DuPont noted that SU's having aniline as the aryl group exhibited weak plant-growth regulatory activity while the aminopyrimidine derivative displayed very high biological activity (Levitt, 1983; Sauers and Levitt, 1984). Soon companies produced SU herbicides having up to 100 times the activity of conventional herbicides, prompting one of the most exciting breakthroughs in the field of herbicide research in several decades (Kearney and Kaufman 1988). All the SU herbicides have a general backbone consisting of an aryl group, a SU bridge and a nitrogen-containing heterocycle. Most of the SU herbicides have low acute oral, dermal and inhalation toxicity in mammals. The acute oral lethal dose (LD50) value of table salt in rats is 3,000 milligram per kilogram while most of the SU herbicides have LD50 values greater than 4,000 milligram per kilogram of body weight (Sax Irving, 1979). Most SU's are not mutagenic or teratogenic, and they exhibit low toxicity to fish, wildlife, honeybees and dogs (Kearney and Kaufman, 1988). Low toxicity, combined with very low application rates of the SU's (2 to 35 grams actual ingredient per hectare), makes them especially attractive from an environmental and human health standpoint. The potential of ground water contamination through seepage, percolation, run-off or infiltration is low.
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